Tess Of DUrbervilles Key Points Essays - Lost Films,

Tess Of D'Urbervilles Key Points Tess of the d'Urbervilles Oral: Structure, perspective and account strategies in Tess of the d'Ubervilles. Alright well this isn't generally an article as such it's an oral that I needed to give on Tess, yet at the same time it took ages and I surmise I could be somewhat useful. - veronica Narrative procedures - Chance and fortuitous event, represents the powers neutralizing Tess. Fortuitous event as a methods to an end - Irony-social laws carried into account with the common law. Incongruities are additionally resembled by independent incongruities all through he novel. Incongruity is authorized by signs - Technical words, language to include validness (neighborhood cultivating terms, melodic, imaginative or engineering) - Classical implications. - Folk-law and society enchantment. - Seasonal foundation as a backup to feelings - Uses the microcosmic (Tess) to exhibit the general - Tess appeared comparable to the work she does, Tess is a characteristic ladies contrasted with Mercy. - Relies on change of place and the possibility of journey - Insight into character - Sharply drawn visual also, tactile depictions - Exploits differentiation and correlation of spot and character - Letters Structure - Title, division into stages - Coherence and genuine life timing as to the length of the stages - Realism isn't weakened by the controlled structure due to the cognizant yet anyway not so much corresponding occasions, for example, her progressive excursions home - Final part as exhibit of Hardy's finished control - No sub-plots - Hardy's fluctuating fatalistic and determinism. - Double implications - Symbolism, Tess as a creature Point of View - Written in third individual - Omniscient storyteller. - Diverse points of view of portrayal, Narrative: recognized from depictions of characteristics, states or circumstances and furthermore from emotional establishment of occasions. Account procedure is the strategy for recounting stories. Account procedure is a expansive term to depict anything Thomas Hardy does to impart his message and thoughts. Under this umbrella of story strategy additionally fall such things as structure, style, perspective, symbolism, etc. To comprehend a large number of the account procedures Hardy embraces we should make them comprehend of his foundation, the crowd and the occasions he was writing in and why he would have needed to introduce such disputable issues. Solid was a writer, he strongly read furthermore, considered verse and writing from his mid twenties. Composition fiction was his brief calling out of monetary need. This serves to clarify the emblematic, figurative, idyllic nature of his composition and furthermore the numerous references to Shakespeare, other writing and the book of scriptures. With the goal for Hardy to pass on his thoughts he needed to not just think about the requirements of his present crowd yet additionally pressing together his more prominent scholarly and individual commitments. To do this he needed to incorporate his bits of knowledge in a roundabout way and equivocally, embracing representative implications that reached past the shallow social activities of the time. It is additionally significant to take note of how the novel was discharged and the ?blue penciling? that was set up to control disputable or ?unseemly? ethics, qualities and issues. The serialized configuration of acknowledge additionally contributed in a huge manner, to some degree directing the story line and influencing the general spread out. This is apparent when you notice that there are a few arrangement of rising activity, peak and conclusion, for the most part towards the finish of stages. Look at the illustrative note to the first version - ?structure a genuine grouping of thing?, discusses the Victorian desires for a genuine story. Conceivably why Hardy gave such consideration to the environmental factors and the utilization of nearby wording. - ?Piece the trunks and the appendages of the novel together? The impact of the serialization and blue penciling had on the novel. It isn't in its actual structure until can be perused totally and together. - Artistic form?in regard of the book's sentiments and notions? Solid attempting to be consistent with his more prominent abstract and individual qualities and ethics. He needed to engage his present crowd however his language was utilized so that the general story lines rises above the ages, and raises it past the story. The statement he thinks about is clearly suitable what's more, planned to the conventional Victorian desires, ?If an offense come out of reality, better is that the offense come than that the fact of the matter be covered? St Jerome's. Letters ? - They give an alternate understanding into the characters: - Altered degree of story - Different character voices come through - Direct knowledge Page 440 we see a letter to Angel from Tess, this rushed scribble composed

Factors Affecting Rate of a Reaction, Chemistry Design Lab Essay Example For Students

Elements Affecting Rate of a Reaction, Chemistry Design Lab Essay Science Lab Report (Design) Factors influencing Rates of a Reaction (Kinetics) KINETICS DESIGN LAB Research Question: Does the grouping of Potassium Iodide (KI) influence the pace of its response with hydrogen peroxide (H202) (of a fixed focus)? Presentation: There are a few factors that influence the pace of a response. Some of them being Pressure (if the reactants are Gases), Temperature, Presence of a Catalyst, Surface Area of the reactant, and Concentration. As indicated by the Collision Theory, during an eaction, particles slam into one another and respond if the geometry of the impact is right. In this Experiment, we will explore the impact of changing groupings of Potassium Iodide on its response with Hydrogen peroxide, which will remain at a fixed fixation. This response may likewise be known as the Iodine Clock Reaction. The pace of the response will be estimated by timing the response between Hydrogen Peroxide, Potassium iodide, and Sodium Thiosulphate. Sodium Thiosulphate is utilized as a deferring system as the response between the two fundamental reactants is too fast o measure. The Sodium Thiosulphate will respond with the Iodine particles (the item) first and when the all the Sodium Thiosulphate has responded, at that point the rest of the Iodine particles will shape a blue-dark arrangement due to the expansion of Starch into the arrangement. The Ionic Equation for this response is: (aq. ) + 2S2032-(aq. ) 31-(aq. )+S4062-(aq. ) (aq. ) + 2H20 (l. ) H202 (aq. )+ 31-(aq. )+ 2H+ A stopwatch will be utilized to quantify the time taken for the blue-dark shade of the answer for totally spread the X set apart on the tile the conelike carafe is standing Factors: Independent Variable: Concentration. (The changing convergences of Potassium Iodide. ) Dependent Variable: Rate of the Reaction. (The measure of time taken for the blue-dark starch complex to cover the X set apart on the tile. ) Control Variables: I. Grouping of the Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Thiosulphate. it. pH of the Nitric Acid used to ferment the Hydrogen Peroxide Solution. iii. Volume of Potassium Iodide Solution, Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, Nitric Acid, Starch and Sodium is led. v. The contraption utilized ought to continue as before in order to maintain a strategic distance from minor rrors. Speculation: My theory is that the pace of the response will increment as focus increments and will at that point consistent and remain the equivalent. This is on the grounds that the crash hypothesis expresses that on the off chance that the quantity of particles of one of the reactants builds, at that point the opportunity of impact between the two reactants is higher, accordingly expanding the pace of the response. The Potassium Iodide particles will increment and the recurrence of their impacts with Hydrogen Peroxide particles will likewise build, making them respond snappier. I ypothesize that as I increment the grouping of the Potassium Iodide Solution, the rate at which the blue-dark starch complex covers the X checking on the tile, will likewise increment until a point where the rate will continue as before because of the considerable number of particles having just got done with responding. 1 The pace of the response is straightforwardly relative to the grouping of a reactant. Grouping of Potassium Iodide 0 Time taken for X to get secured. Device: Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) Solution (1. 500 ? ± 0. 001)g of Potassium Iodide (KI) Powder Sodium Thiosulphate (NaS203) Solution Weaken Nitric Acid (HN03) Solution Starch Solution Tile checked X Conical Flask Digital Stopwatch (? ±O. 01seconds) Measuring Cylinder (? ±O. 5cm3) Electronic Balance (? ±O. OOI g) Distilled Water Procedure: 1 . Get ready Potassium Iodide (KI) arrangement by dissolving (1. 500 ? ± 0. 001) g of Potassium Iodide Powder into (50. 0 ? ± 0. 5) cm3 of Distilled Water. 2. Make 5 extraordinary (10. 0 ? ± 0. 5) cm3 arrangements of various centralizations of KI. (? ±0. 5) crn3 Volume of Distilled Water Total Volume of KI Solution (? ±1. 0) cm3 Concentration of KI Solution (MOI. KI/drn3) . 8. 0 10. 0 4. 0 6. 0 10. 0 (Blank) 0. 0 3. Ferment the Hydrogen Peroxide by including 10 drops of Dilute Nitric Acid to it. 4. Pour 5cm3 of the fermented Hydrogen Peroxide into 5 distinctive cone shaped flagons/recepticles. Imprint this Flask A. 5. Include 10cm3 of Starch and lcm3 of Sodium Thiosulphate to a funnel shaped cup/container containing one of the readied centralizations of KI. Impri nt this Flask B. 6. Pour all the substance of Flask An into Flask B, which is remaining on a tile set apart with a huge X. 7. Start the stopwatch following including the substance of A nto B. . Stop the stopwatch when the X has totally vanished from see. 9. Record all readings and perceptions. 10. Rehash this technique once to guarantee exactness. 1 . Rehash this equivalent technique with the various potassium iodide focuses as well. 12. Record all the readings and perceptions. 13. The record table should look something like this: Concentration of KI (mol/dm3) 2. 3. 4. 5. 14. Locate the normal of the considerable number of readings and make a Concentration of Potassium Iodide (focus/cm3) x Rate of Reaction (time/seconds) chart.

An Interview with Cheryl Strayed

An Interview with Cheryl Strayed Bestselling author Cheryl Strayeds newest book Brave Enough, a collection of quotes, recently hit the shelves, and I was lucky enough to get an interview! We spoke about her books, women and writing, and more; our conversation (edited for clarity/length) follows. Jenn Northington: First I want to say how beautiful Brave Enough is, both in look as well as in words. I was wondering if you got to participate in or observe the design process as it went along? Cheryl Strayed: Thank you! I agree. It’s the one part of your book that you get to, like, totally openly brag about. And I keep realizing that sometimes people think I’m talking about the content when I go, “Oh my God, it’s such a beautiful book!” But I mean it from a physical standpoint; it turned out really cool, and that’s what I was hoping for. Because you know obviously, the point of a book of quotes is, [its] a book that you want it to feel good in your hands and to look good on your table, it’s a book you pick up several times instead of reading it necessarily front to back. It was really tricky to come up with the cover and design. When we finally came down to the design of the cover and I knew it was going to be this really cool clothbound with the debossed title and everything we could not decide on the color, because we knew that the text was going to be gold but it looks so beautiful in so many different colors. There was red, and there was purple, and the re was blue. Honestly, we looked at dozens. And finally I was like, I can’t decide, I can’t decide. So they did mock-ups of what the cover would actually look like, and sent me about six of them. I lined them up on my dining room [table] and left them there for a week, and would just walk past and be like, “Which one do I like today?” And they left the decision up to me in the end, which was so cool. I got to choose the color. The green, it wasn’t my first pick, but then it grew on me and I went with it and I’m so glad I did. And that ribbon, I never in my wildest dreams thought I’d have a book that has a ribbon. JN: Yeah, I love the ribbon! It’s such a nice touch. CS: The book looks like a little jewel, doesn’t it? JN: It looks like it’s almost been wrapped for you, like, “Here is a present for you.” CS: Yes. So it’s all the designers, but I weighed in on the cover and the color. The designers did a great job. JN: I don’t know how they even start to think about picking font and sizing and layout of the quotes, but it’s a beautiful beautiful book. CS: Thank you! In the end we are responsible for rising to the occasion of our own lives. JN: How did you pick the first and the last quotes? CS: Oh, that’s a great question. How I picked all the quotes was definitely crowd-sourcing. I wasn’t concerned with what I thought was the wisest or whatever, it was more like, what do people, what do readers really grab and what’s meaningful to them. And I saw that “Be brave enough to break your own heart” was really a very popular one. It was one that I think a lot of people have taken into their lives in a way that was helping them through that hard decision that they had to make. Knowing that we all sometimes have to make a decision that involves causing ourselves sorrow and suffering, but that we’re doing it for a greater purpose, a higher purpose that will serve us well down the road. So I knew that because that was such a popular quote, that I wanted in some ways to highlight it, and of course then it also led me to choose the title from that quote. I thought it should be there, front and center. It just made sense in some ways to use that first page to be and now as I’m talking about it, that is the first quote in the book, right? JN: Yeah! It is. CS: Okay. And then the last quote I don’t have the book in front of me, so the last quote is “The fuck is your life. Answer it.” Right? JN: Yes, that’s right. CS: In some ways that quote seems to me to be a call, to say, Ok, so here are all these things, all these different words about any number of subjects, and in the end we are responsible for rising to the occasion of our own lives. It just seemed like a nice send-off, if you will. JN: It feels that way when you’re going through the book. CS: When you read it, did you sit down and go front to back? JN: I read the first quarter all at once and then, was like, I’m going to take a break now, because I was having a lot of feelings. And then I I confess to picking through, and jumping around and reading what caught my eye font-wise for a while, which was also a really interesting experience. But then, the first and the last are there no matter how you start or end. CS: Yeah, obviously some people will sit down and read it front to back, but I do think it’s a book that you dip into. The book is so solid, and the paper is so fine, there’s this part of me that I have this image in my head of people ripping out pages of the book, and tacking them to their bulletin boards. I mean there could have been a good argument made to be, like, Let’s make it a spiral bound notebook and you rip out the pages, because certainly in my life that’s how quotes function. Let’s put this up on the wall, you know? So I can read it over and over. JN: I’m kind of amazed you guys haven’t announced the Cheryl Strayed Quote of the Day Calendar yet. CS: That’s probably next year, right? JN: We’ll look forward to that! CS: I’m teasing! That’s an idea, that’s an idea. JN: Certainly if you go looking on the internet there are enough [quotes] that people have found meaningful, so I feel like that could come together. Speaking of reading it periodically and dipping in and out, I actually have that experience with Tiny Beautiful Things. I didn’t read that one all in a row. I kind of leafed through and cherry-picked. I wonder how common that is, though. CS: I think it’s common, though I will say, one of the experiences that people report to me a lot with Tiny Beautiful Things is that they’ll sometimes read a letter that they’re like, “Oh well, this letter doesn’t really apply to me,” and then they read my answer and it totally applies to them, you know? So I think when you cherry-pick Tiny Beautiful Things you might be sometimes missing things that are actually really relevant to you. But I know what you mean, it would make sense that you would go through and be like, “Let’s see, let’s find letters by people who have problems like my own, or the opposite, So totally not like mine that I won’t end up weeping on the train.” I think that there’s no right way to read any book. And certainly when it’s a collection I do the same kind of thing, I dip in and out. JN: I’ve definitely read all of them over the course of owning the book, but when I first sat down to read it I was like, Im going to shuffle it up a bit. I don’t know why though. I’m also a person who shuffles songs on albums, which other people tell me is sacrilege, so maybe it’s a media consumption habit? CS: I’m just glad that you listen to whole albums. It used to be, that was the only way you could listen to songs and now I find myself just cherry-picking specific songs rather than having whole albums, which is kind of sad, it’s kind of a loss JN: It’s interesting; I understand of course that artists have a vision. Like you had a vision when you put together the quotes and musicians have a vision when they put together their songs, but readers come to the work or listeners come to the work and they bring their own needs to it. But I do get stuck. I read all of the pieces in Tiny Beautiful Things, I just read them out of order. I’ll listen to an album for a week straight, but I listen to it on shuffle. Because then I feel like I notice something different every time I listen to it. The way we transfer, essentially, authority from the writers to the readers is very cool to me. CS: When I was ordering Brave Enough and Tiny Beautiful Things, in both cases, I did spend a lot of time thinking, What order should these be in, but part of that was also just acknowledging that, some of it is, you just have to put it somewhere. Some of the pieces speak to each other and so you put them together, but sometimes it was just, well, let’s just plunk this one here and that one there and call it a day. It’s not always, “Oh my god, you’re not having some experience I intended you to have if you read it out of order.” And here again, how Brave Enough was even born, was just the way that readers make the book you wrote theirs. They’re the ones that get, in the end, to say what it means and what affect it has, if any. Most of the quotes in Brave Enough, it wouldn’t have really occurred to me, “Oh my gosh, that’s a quote.” It was just that other people pointed it out and used it as one. The last line of Wild, “How wild it was, to let it be.” I would have never guessed that people would really quote that, and so many people have tattoos of that line. What’s fascinating to me about that is, it’s not about me and my book, it’s about them and their life. Which is so beautiful. It’s this thing that I wrote in my book about my life, but then other people make it theirs to the point that they put it on their body. Permanently. The way we transfer, essentially, authority from the writers to the readers is very cool to me. JN: It is, it’s really cool to watch. Another thing I feel like I’m seeing is an uprising in books by women that are about creativity or emotional development or memoir. So there’s your work, there’s Big Magic by Elizabeth Gilbert, there’s Brené Brown, and Shonda Rhimes’s Year of Yes. I’m wondering if you feel like we’re having a moment. Finally, women writers are just saying, “We’re not going to let you call us small anymore, because it’s gigantic.” CS: Maybe! I think we are, now that you mention it. And I think what that’s about is, for so long and obviously this is still a really predominant idea but I just can’t begin to tell you how many times I’ve heard my work and the work of other women writers talked about in these ways that are like, “She writes about the *intimate*, but not about socially significant things.” And I think so many women writers and also readers of both genders, and I’ll even say some male writers too probably, are redefining what we think of as socially significant. I can tell you, being on the other side of literally thousands upon thousands of people feel that their lives have been changed by one of my books. And I know that people feel that way about books by Lydia Yuknavitch and Roxane Gay and Elizabeth Gilbert, and I could go on and on with that list. I think, ok, well if that’s not socially significant, I don’t know what the fuck is. The reasons that their lives feel changed is that we wrote about a very intimate inner landscape and told the truth about it. Whether that be about a fictional character or a nonfictional character. I think that finally, women writers are just saying, “We’re not going to let you call us small anymore, because it’s gigantic.” Just take, for example, Eat Pray Love, the number of people who say they feel changed by that. There are so many people who really are taking art personally and making change in their lives because of it, and there’s nothing small about that. That’s a big gigantic thing. So yes, I think we are in a moment. JN: I think it’s a moment that’s maybe been coming on for a few years, but it seems to me that it’s really peaking, or becoming more obvious. Eat Pray Love is such a good example, because when I was in the bookstore handselling that book, back when it first came out, it was so dismissed as, “Oh, it’s commercial.” “Oh, it’s for book clubs.” “Oh it’s for moms,” despite its popularity. And I feel like we’ve gotten to a point where maybe, things are less easily dismissed that are stories just like that. CS: I think it’s so funny when it’s like, “Oh, it’s just for moms,” as if moms are this uniform, idiotic, imaginary group of people. And just for the record, Liz Gilbert is not a mom, kind of famously. But I know, it’s shorthand for basically women, stupid women. The degree to which I think all of that thinking is bullshit cannot be overstated. Lots of people have come to me and said, “I didn’t read Wild because it was on the bestseller list, but then I broke down and read it and I absolutely loved it.” And I always say to them, “I hope that that means that now you’ll question whatever your biases were about books that get on the bestseller list.” And especially books that get on the bestseller list by women. I don’t think anyone goes to Jonathan Franzen and says “I didn’t read The Corrections because it was such a blockbuster bestseller.” You know what I mean? This is a discrete coded way that we talk in sexist terms without even knowing that we’re being overtly sexist. And that works too with race. There’s so much of that at this point that’s happening, and it’s really almost in code, these subliminal ways that we talk about race and gender when it comes to our literature. And equating popular with not-high art, not-literary, especially then those books are by women. I do think that we’re evo lving, but there is still that dynamic to be sure. JN: Yeah, there’s miles to go before we sleep, I think. But it does feel like, from my perspective, that we’re making progress. CS: Indeed. I think of literature really as my religion. It is my sacred place. It’s my anchor. JN: Obviously your words have meant a lot to a lot of readers. I’m wondering what book you turn to when you need a comfort read or inspiration. CS: So many! So many books. Once of the most fascinating aspects that we haven’t directly touched on but I think that we’re kind of talking about is, there is this way in which some of these books, like Tiny Beautiful Things, for example it’s a literary book of essays. It really is. And yet it’s in the self-help category, a category that I myself have felt skeptical of that genre, sort of snobby in some about it. “But these are essays!” But it’s also self-help. One of the things that I’m struck by is that, when somebody comes up to me and says “Your book saved my life,” I never know which book they’re talking about. Because people also say that about Torch, my first novel, and they have been saying it for years. Even though neither of those books [Torch or Wild] are in the self-help category, one’s a novel and one’s a memoir, they function in a lot of people’s actual lives in a way that sounds like self-help. The way that people talk to me about Torch and Wild is the same way that people talk to me about Tiny Beautiful Things and Brave Enough, even though those latter two books are in this other category. And I think that’s true of some of these other writers we’re talking about. For example, I mentioned Lydia Yuknavitch. Her memoir, The Chronology of Water, is a completely literary memoir, and utterly, utterly life-changing in that way that self-help literature can be. I think that people read it as a deep reflection of w ho they are. When you ask me, “What books do you turn to for consolation,” there are so many books over the course of my life. Pretty much, that’s what books do to me. They are my friends and consolers. I wrote about that in Wild, you know, Adrienne Rich’s The Dream of a Common Language. The first thing I did this morning actually, I was in bed, I woke up and I was remembering this poem by Adrienne Rich called Dialogue, and I grabbed my phone which was on my nightstand and I googled it and found it and read it. And that was the first thing I did this morning. And I’ve read that poem intermittently over the last 25 years. So I turn to that, I turn to Alice Munro, my favorite writer. Sometimes it’s not even an intentional thing. Sometimes it’s just wandering the shelves. So many rooms of my house are lined with books and [I’ll just be] grabbing a book and reading it, reading a page, or a paragraph, and feeling that sense of being connected to other people across race and gender and generation and culture. That is so deeply, profoundly consoling to me. I think of literature really as my religion. It is my sacred place. It’s my anchor. JN: I feel very similarly. I have books that I’ve read over and over again … and it does, it feels a little bit like going to church. CS: Isn’t it amazing? The main thing that people say about my work is that they’re weeping. Which I love, don’t get me wrong, I love making people cry. JN: It is. Well, you mentioned Torch. So you’ve written a novel, you’ve written a memoir, you’ve written essays-slash-self help, depending on who’s shelving it. Is there a genre you are dying to dive into as a writer? CS: Let’s see, gosh. I’m also writing a script, a TV script for HBO, and that’s a whole different kind of writing. But in the book realm I love poetry, but I’m gonna give the world a big solid and I’m going to keep myself from writing my own collection of poems. I’m just going to stay on the sidelines, you know, the very verbose prose writer that I am. There’s two areas that I’d like to branch into. One is tapping into something that was so interesting to me as a writer when I was writing the Dear Sugar column: the epistolary exchange. What you were reading when you read those is actually a letter that someone wrote to me and a letter that I wrote back to someone. Obviously that was done in a public space, so I was really writing to more than just the person who received the letter. But I was always writing to that person too, foremost. So it has occurred to me to write an epistolary novel. A novel that is done entirely in letters could be really interesting. I’m not working on that right now, but it comes into my mind that that could be potent ground for me. I always feel like Im funnier in real life than I am on the page, because my work â€" it can be funny in places, absolutely, but the main thing that people say about my work is that they’re weeping. Which I love, don’t get me wrong, I love making people cry. But I have thought about writing a collection of funny things. One of the running jokes that I have with my husband is that in the world, I’m Sugar, and everyone’s like, “Oh, you’re so nurturing and kind and you love everyone unconditionally.” Then in my real life my husband and kids see a more multi-dimensional side of me which is like, you know, this person who is complaining about things and is grumpy. I would rant about people and things to my husband, and I hatched this idea for a funny book. I arrived at the title, it’s called Guess What, Dumbass and it’s a collection of things that I’m furious about and want to rant about, these short essays of me ranting against this or that category of people. JN: That sounds amazing! CS: What do you think? JN: I would read it! I would read it. CS: It would be new territory for me! JN: I really appreciated the introduction to Brave Enough, and one of the things that was so funny was your husband putting the quote on the fridge, the “I’m going to be mad at you for the rest of my life.” It’s so interesting to have that window, because you are known for being accepting, and unconditional, and supportive, but of course, you’re a person. CS: That’s right, that’s right. JN: Ok, my last question: what are you reading right now? CS: I just finished reading a wonderful book that I hope lots of people will read. It’s called Becoming Nicole. It’s a nonfiction book by Amy Ellis Nutt. It’s about a family who live in Maine, and the parents adopted identical twin boys as infants. As the boys were growing up, very early on, one of the boys just knew that he was not a boy. That he was a girl. And the family had to really figure this out. What would they do? They came to a slow understanding that their son was transgender and was really a girl, and they helped him in all kinds of ways with this, and he became Nicole. The book follows them through their struggles and trajectory, and it was really illuminating to me and also just a fascinating story. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

Experiences with Faith Essay - 601 Words

What is faith? Faith is something different to everyone. If you asked a hundred different people, you would get many different answers. Faith holds an extremely complex meaning when discussing it in the context of religion. Faith is a belief. It holds true to every religious and non-religious person. Every faith involves a decision. It is not about what we claim to believe, but what we actually do believe, that is true faith. Trust in the Lord with all your heart, And lean not on your own understanding, In all your ways acknowledge Him, And He shall direct your paths.† Proverb 3:5-6 That has to be my favorite proverb from the bible, whenever I feel like screaming â€Å"Why Me†, I simply play that proverb in my head and just tell†¦show more content†¦In a time of need, faith is always the answer to the problem. God’s help is the best that you can get, he is the almighty and can teach us right from wrong. I went to public school most of my grade school ye ars so I did not have religion class until 8th grade, but I attended Religious Education (CCD) every Sunday at 9 a.m. I had a great teacher, Ms. *******. She made learning actually fun, we would have a bunch of open discussions and at the end of each class we would play trash can ball with facts we learned in class. The only thing I did not like about the class is I felt like it wasn’t well organized, we were thrown all this information out of order and all at once. I had my first communion in second grade with my CCD class at ************, Georgia. I am not yet confirmed but I will be getting confirmed this year. I am very excited to be officially in the Catholic Church. I was baptized when I was very young at ***********************. My family is very religious. My family consists of my dad, my mom , my sister , me ,and of course my dog. We pray together before every meal and at night before we all go to bed. We also always attend mass as a family, It would not be the sa me going to mass without my entire family there. It is fantastic to have a religious family because when ever I have a question about the Bible or even my Catholic faith in general, I always have someone to go to. I feel very luckyShow MoreRelatedHow American Experience Reflects Global Faith1139 Words   |  5 Pagesthat occur in global Christianity today. Terms like â€Å"American experience†, â€Å"American Christianity†, â€Å"American Mission†, â€Å"American power†, etc., undoubtedly express the American role in the expansion of Christianity. As they attempted to spread the gospel, Americans, by large, decontextualized neither their theology nor their understanding of missions. Hence, Noll rightly described in his bookâ€Å"†¦How American Experience Reflects Global Faith.† Both American orthodoxy and orthopraxis were taught and reinforcedRead MoreFaith, Belief and Human Experience in Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison 1756 Words   |  8 Pageswritten by Toni Morrison that is probably biblical in its aspects. It was very much alike to the book of the Bible Songs of Solomon for its aspects and facets of love, romance and being changed. Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison had touched faith, belief and human experience. In this particular novel, one could understand the great field and vastness of love as it influences literature, history and people over different cultures and countries. This novel of Toni Morrison is what reminds us of the ancientnessRead MoreThe Concepts Of Religious Faith1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe concepts of religious faith, theology, belief and spirituality are all interconnected and very easy to get mixed up. This is because they all have something to do with the other. Richard P. Mcbrien explains how religious faith, theology, beliefs, and spirituality are all connected. Theology follows faith and belief follows Theology. Faith is our personal knowledge of God through human experiences and our openness to his love. Theology is our understanding of faith as revealed by God and our articulationRead MoreWhat Does The Basis Of Faith?1221 Words   |  5 Pagesmore one questions one’s faith; but faith is intrinsic in humans, just as the ability to love. If we can love, then we can believe. Every individual has a different answer to the question â€Å"what is the basis of faith?† some would say it is Christ, others, the Bible, God, angels, etc. and some may even reject faith as a whole. However, if the basis of faith is Christ, why do so many individual’s struggle to accept His truth, His word, and His evidences? If the basis of faith is the Bible, what doesRead MoreMy First Time Being Angry At God1597 Words   |  7 PagesMy cousin Katie also had a big impact on my faith throughout high school. She was like a mentor to me. I knew if I ever had a question, faith-related or not, I could go to her. Her relationship with her husband is so inspiring to me bec ause they often pray together and attend Church together. God is truly at the center of their marriage. My freshman year of college, Katie found out that she was pregnant. Everyone was so excited for her, including myself. A few months later, Kate found out that herRead MoreThe Love of God as the Key to Knowledge1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmyself. I do agree with you that knowledge extends to all things knowable, to all kinds of knower, to all knowledge and all methods of knowing, but what is really possessed when a person claims to have knowledge? Do you put faith above knowledge? Do you think that when one has faith one does not need knowledge anymore? Again, quality is not part of enduring or disappearing things: quality is, like beauty, held in the eye of the beholder, a person only, which you are, not a mechanical thing like yourRead MoreDevelopment of John Wesleys Theology Essays1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Development of John Wesley’s Theology John Wesley deserved to receive the doctoral robe offered by Marin Luther as he successfully reconciled â€Å"salvation by faith alone† with â€Å"faith without works is dead.† A review of the key events in Wesley’s life and his developing thoughts indicates that it was a process that took a lifetime to achieve. Thus, I am left to wonder whether a doctoral robe would be sufficient recognition for such a monumental achievement. To properly address this issue,Read MoreWhere Not To Base Your Faith: Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1424 Words   |  6 Pagescaught him. You of little faith, he said, why did you doubt? (Matthew 14:31) The manner in which Goodman Brown based his faith is a very good example of how not to base one’s faith. The strength of Goodman Browns faith was based on his wife’s faith, his trust in his neighbors, and his personal experiences. The strength of one’s faith is one of the most important aspects of any person, and it is especially important in the story Young Goodman Brown. The definition of faith according to Merriam-WebsterRead MoreCommentary On The Loss Of Faith During Hardships831 Words   |  4 PagesEzinna Adiele Global Studies English 10 Ms. Wile September 20, 2014 Religion in Night: The Loss of Faith during Hardships When you have something to share, share it. When you have something to teach, teach it. Wiesel found that it was his responsibility as a survivor to share his story, and inform others of the horrors that happened during The Holocaust. The Holocaust was a horrifying period, when cruel and inhumane acts were committed by the Nazis in Europe. These acts took the livesRead MorePainful Experiences of the Holocaust in the Novel, Night by Elie Wiesel1185 Words   |  5 Pagesto the Jewish religion and towards God as a result of his experiences during the Holocaust. How does Wiesel’s transformation reveal the author’s intended theme about the Holocaust? World War II is a very impactful point in history where the Holocaust is viewed as one of the worst acts of human genocide. Countless Jewish victims endured traumatizing amounts of suffering and pain that transformed their lives as these experiences deprived them of their humanity and trust in others. The novel

Social Injustice In The Story Of An Hour - 1181 Words

The Impact of the Social Injustices in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Paulina Wright Davis, a women’s rights reformer in the nineteenth century, once said â€Å"we believe that a woman’s enforced inferiority in the marriage relation, not only wrongs her out of the best uses of her existence, but also cheats her master of the richest and noblest blessings of the nuptial union† (qtd. in Wayne, â€Å"Women Reformers†). This is what women, like Mrs. Mallard, dealt with during their lifetime. Much of what happened during this period of time paved the way for the freedoms women have today. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows the impacts that these injustices had on the women in the nineteenth century. Marriage significantly limited women’s freedom during the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦As quoted in the same article Lucy Stone said Marriage is to woman a state of slavery. It takes from her the right to her own property, and makes her submissive in all things to her husband (qtd. in Wayne, â€Å"Women Refor mers†). These were the hardships and restrictions that Mrs. Mallard dealt with while both she and her husband were alive. The freedoms of a single woman are much greater than that of a married one. When a woman is widowed, as Mrs. Mallard would have been, she becomes free from the restrictions put on her by marriage. She may handle legal work for herself because she will no longer be legally covered by her husband. Single and widowed women also have more opportunities to earn money because they are not just a housekeeper anymore; they have to take care of themselves and their families. (Wayne, â€Å"Single Women†). Not only are there more money earning opportunities, but there are also more educational opportunities available (Wayne â€Å"Single Women†). Since they are free from their wifely duties, they have the opportunity the further their education if they choose to do so. Other than her sister and her husband we don’t know much about Mrs. Mallardâ⠂¬â„¢s family. There is no evidence in the story of Mr. and Mrs. Mallard having any children. Mrs. Mallard is described in the story as â€Å"young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength† (Chopin 129). Since they were a young couple, it is possible theyShow MoreRelatedSocial Injustice in the Film In The Name of The Father Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Injustice in the Film In The Name of The Father A hot topic that always draws an interested ear to the conversation is ones views on social justice. The mere mention of the words draws people from far and wide and from all mixes of society. The main problem seems to come up when people really dont know what social justice issues face their society and the rest of the world. The question comes up of how much real knowledge of this subject do people invest in. It is quite surprisingRead MoreThe Injustice Of Dou E Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Injustice to Dou E is an ancient Chinese story turned into play by Guan Hanquing during the Yuan dynasty. The awful story of the play depends on a society story of a loyal girl in-law who lived in the East Sea range. The work is set among the ten biggest tragedies in China, and the dramatist (Guan Hanquing) is called as China s Shakespeare. The Injustice to Dou E is an exceptionally surely understood bit of work with its social qualities and a large gathering of people base. The conte nt itselfRead MoreSocial Injustice And The Holocaust989 Words   |  4 Pages Social Injustice Being threatened and killed due to one s belief is unjust and heartless. It shows somethings in a person. It shows that they are below human beings. It shows that they have no care for others besides those closest to them. It is evil, cruel and all in all just not right at all no matter what scenario people find themselves in. This is something called social injustice, or unfair treatment. An example of this is a situation in which the rights ofRead MoreWomen Vs. Oppression : The Continuous Struggle For Equality1590 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminist is a stereotypical man-hating activist who believes all the troubles in the world are caused by men. Feminism is anything but a stereotype; in fact the definition of feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† Equality is the main aspect that ties feminist together through the hardships of the developing society. 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With his whimsical comment, made from the safety of a secure social position, the Parson begins the events whichRead MoreThe Gap Ladder System Of Social Class1550 Words   |  7 PagesDo people in different social standings have different chances or opportunities to move up in social class? Many people, even though they do not realize it, discriminate and establish a prejudice or stereotype, and this affects how they perceive and treat other people. The American Dream has always been to â€Å"Work Hard, and Move Up† (Upper Bound). Are people of lower social standing still equally able to achieve their dreams simply through hard work? The difficulty with which an impoverished personRead MoreWorking Poor : The Work Poor Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Poor The Working Poor: Invisible in America is a story that takes personal stories and accounts of people lives to describe the injustices that people face every day. Poverty is damaging to both the economy and the people who face it. 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Cash Pooling Free Essays

string(324) " is a selection of solutions in the marketplace, most of these operate on an interest enhancement basis where corporations are rewarded for servicing their liquidity through their chosen bank, but the bank is unable to achieve a balance sheet offset due to the complexity of multiple jurisdictional and regulatory barriers\." Name: Dina Mohanna Rbea’an Subject: Cash Pooling Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Abu Mustafa University: NYIT? Cash Management: Cash pooling Abstract The role of the corporate cash manager has been continuously revised over the past few years, as a result of the demand for more effective and efficient ways to support the core needs of the organization. This has resulted in new responsibilities for the corporate treasurer and cash manager. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash Pooling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cash management function is demanding more accurate and continuous information on its cash position to provide responsive forecasting data and handling, so that availability of liquidity at the right time and price can be ensured. So this paper studies the Cash Management concept and focus on the cash pooling and whether it’s applied in the Middle East. Introduction The objectives of cash management are straightforward – maximise liquidity and control cash flows and maximise the value of funds while minimising the cost of funds. The strategies for meeting such objectives include varying degrees of long-term planning requirements. Also, like everywhere in the world, much treasury activity in the organizations is concentrated on cash management. This includes financing the corporation, administration of debts (loans, bonds, commercial papers, etc. ), good relationships with the banks, payments to suppliers and collections from customers, control of foreign currency and interest positions according to the company’s needs for finance, and finally the reporting and technical support of all these functions. The use of cash pooling as a global standard for concentrating cash into the main bank account of the firm has very quickly found favour in corporations. Cash pooling enables corporate groups to minimize expenditure incurred in connection with banking facilities through economies of scale. Under a cash pooling arrangement, entities within a corporate group regularly transfer their surplus cash to a single bank account (the â€Å"master accountâ€Å") and, in return, may draw on the funds in that account to satisfy their own cash flow requirements from time to time. The master account is usually held by the parent company or by a â€Å"Treasury Company â€Å"established specifically for this purpose. Depending on the type of cash pooling arrangement, the participating entities may transfer either their entire cash surplus (â€Å"zero balancingâ€Å"), or cash exceeding a certain surplus level (â€Å"target balancingâ€Å"). In general, all entities participating in the cash pooling arrangement will be liable for any negative balance on the master account, irrespective of the amount they have contributed. Transfers and draw-downs of funds to and from the master account by the participating companies have the nature of the grant and repayment of intra-group loans. In addition to physical cash pooling there is also â€Å"notionalâ€Å"(also known as â€Å"virtualâ€Å") cash pooling. This does not involve the physical transfer of funds, but rather the set-off of balances of different companies within the group, so that the bank charges interest on the group‘s net cash balance. This optimizes the position of the group as regards interest payments, but does not achieve optimal allocation of liquid funds as between the group members. Notional cash pooling will not result in the creation of intra-group loans, since funds are not physically transferred. As such, many of the risks outlined in this brochure do not apply to a purely notional cash pooling arrangement. In practice however, a notional cash pooling arrangement will frequently involve the grant of cross-guarantees and security by the participants to the bank, in order to maximize the available overdraft facility. To this extent, many of the risks outlined in this article could be relevant, even if the cash pooling arrangement is predominantly notional in nature. The specific structure of individual cash pooling arrangements can vary. For example, transfers to the master account may be undertaken by each participating group member individually or may instead be undertaken automatically by the bank on the basis of a power of attorney given by the relevant group company. In addition to the facility agreement with the respective bank, each participating group company will usually enter into â€Å"cash pooling agreementâ€Å". These agreements must be carefully structured in order to minimize the risks of civil or criminal liability of the participating group companies and their officers. Tax issues must also be carefully considered when structuring cash pooling agreements. Types of cash pooling Banks generally offer the following types of cash pooling: ?zero-balancing cash pooling, ?notional cash pooling, ?multicurrency cash pooling, ?Cross-border cash pooling. ?Zero -balancing cash pooling : Real cash pooling is based on a transfer from bank accounts to a master account, with balances on all bank accounts except the master account being zero at the end of the working day. It means this money physically ‘moves’ from the junior accounts to the master account. Real cash pooling requires companies to keep careful records of cash transfers, interest received and paid, and records of investments. Structure of a â€Å"Zero-Balancing-Pool† ?National pooling: Requires a company’s subsidiaries to use branches of the same bank, usually in the same country; although with the adoption of the euro, single-currency cross-border pooling has become rather common in Europe. All the excess and deficit balances in the company’s subsidiary accounts are summed each day to calculate the net interest earned or due. Funds are not actually transferred; rather, they are simply totalled for the purpose of calculating interest. Banks usually require credit facilities to support any deficit balances in the pool. National pooling generally requires extensive cross-guarantees among subsidiaries which many companies find very difficult to implement. Some countries disallow national pooling . among them are the United States, Germany, Mexico, Japan and Brazil. In countries where national pooling is not allowed, the zero balance pooling method must be used. Structure of â€Å" National pooling† ?Multicurrency cash pooling: Bank account balances in different foreign currencies are swapped to one agreed currency, which is the base for the interest rate calculations. ?Cross-border cash pooling Cross-border cash pooling helps corporations avoid the bureaucracy intrinsic to transferring cash across countries and different clearing systems, as well as different legal entities and the headache associated with the additional inter-company loan administration. While there is a selection of solutions in the marketplace, most of these operate on an interest enhancement basis where corporations are rewarded for servicing their liquidity through their chosen bank, but the bank is unable to achieve a balance sheet offset due to the complexity of multiple jurisdictional and regulatory barriers. You read "Cash Pooling" in category "Papers" Czech banks now offer cross-border pooling, both notional and real, for accounts in the domestic Czech koruna, euro, US dollar, Central European currencies (such as in the Slovak koruna, Hungarian forint and Polish zloty) and pound. These principles are used both in the Czech Republic and in the rest of Europe, and are therefore similar; any differences are the result of the legal requirements of each country. As mentioned above, the Czech Commercial Code does not recognise anything like ‘concern’ or a product like cash pooling. It is necessary to fulfil several conditions to prevent problems concerning taxation and reporting to minority shareholders. It is practically impossible to implement a cash pooling agreement between companies without a majority share. It is normal practice that a cash pooling system has to be agreed by a general meeting of the company and there is a strict requirement for signed control agreements. Sometimes, it is necessary to change the company articles of incorporation. †¢Reasons of Cash pooling : Reduction of financing costs on group level, -Improvement of investment-deposits by using economies of scale, -Simplification of liquidity-management on domestic level, -Reduction of expenses for financial intermediaries through centralization, -Improvement of planning cash flows through coordination of financial cycles, -Optimization of your financial image by decreasing external financing and better use of internal financial potentials, -Break-Even at about EUR 200’000 per manent liabilities on the accounts. Cash management in the Middle East: As in the rest of the world, cash management in the Middle East is benefiting from automation. How is this affecting different sizes of corporate, and what does the future hold in this area? The Middle East region, which includes countries like UAE, Oman and Qatar, has kept pace with the growth in such business ambitions and cash management is also not to be left out of this race to riches, as businesses continually explore opportunities to make more money, more profits and reduce costs. The excellent growth climate in countries like UAE, fuelled by ambitions and visions of the rulers and the business community, has resulted in opportunities, growth of infrastructure, access to international and other funds through opening up and freehold real estates, trading environments, the presence of more ‘free zones’, creating a healthy and open competition for the survival and growth of the fittest, etc Multi-national corporate Middle East, especially the UAE, has recently seen an influx of many multi-national companies (MNCs) setting up their regional offices, treasury offices, marketing offices, etc. n UAE and managing the global operations. To attract such MNCs into the region, financial and general free zones plus offshore financial centers have sprung up everywhere with the intentions of inviting the best of MNCs to come and have their shops opened in these countries. The absence of tax regimes has added to the attraction in these markets. These companies ty pically need 24 hour Internet access, sweeping and pooling of funds and balances across banks and branches, competitive FX and deposit rates, competitive temporary overnight overdraft interest rates and credit interest on overnight floats. The ideal location of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in the global map, the growth of communication, infrastructure, Internet, etc. have led to the explosive growth of such companies in the region Local corporate GCC is predominantly dominated by a number of local corporate or companies or family owned businesses, which are typically owned by large local/national families of businessmen. Most of these families have very successful and historic track records and have been associates/local representatives/agents for most of multinational brands from all over the world. The local regulations for a sponsor from a national has been a great aid in ensuring that the multinationals tie up with these local corporate for mutual success of business lines. While the MNC does the production, transport, marketing support, service association, etc. , the Local Corporate typically takes the local marketing and sales realization risk, like any MNC agency. This combination of MNCs and local corporate has worked very well historically in the GCC with the result that there is a successful association of MNC brands and families in the GCC. In many of these countries, the lack of restrictions such as taxes, financial regulations to publish books of accounts and audit, etc. have made the operations of such corporate mostly family driven. Recently, and especially in the last four to five years, GCC business families have started expanding into other countries in the region and also into countries in East and North Africa and other parts of the world, where investments in assets and business yields good and long-term returns for the business houses. In other words, the local corporate have been the opposite of the MNCs coming and operating into the GCC, and typically such local corporate are slowly growing and reaching the sizes of MNCs, albeit the growth into other competitive countries like Singapore, UK, other parts of Europe and the US have been very limited or generally non-existent. Mid-sized trading companies GCC has been historically characterized by a host of mid-sized trading companies, thanks to the general economic growth, healthy competition, absence of taxes and rules regime and a general absence of governmental red tape. Today, people of most GCC nationalities could come and start a business in any of the Free Zones in their own name, or if they choose to partner a national, they can start the business anywhere in these countries, with very limited capital and resources. The laws and business conditions have been very conducive for the mushrooming growth of such mid-sized companies, which have thrived, in the general economic upswing in the Middle East. While it is extremely difficult to list out the number of these companies, it is generally felt among banking community that the number of mid-sized corporate or companies (along with the small and medium enterprises (SMEs)) might currently be in the region of 15,000 numbers in UAE alone. This brings an exciting opportunity for smart entrepreneurs who thrive on such opportunities as also for smart bankers who have built a portfolio of such assets and relationships. On the cash management front, such small companies do not have many demands except that they require immediate and urgent funds clearance, remittances for payments, overnight float interest, good interest rates for deposits, etc. Many of them are also computer or Internet savvy and would be happy to use such online services to transact with their banks. Small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs have been the sleeping giants in the GCC business world, but they have now woken up to be a mid-sized monster. While banks are repeatedly facing the ever-decreasing margins (be it in interest rates, commissions, charges or any form of income to the bank) in the MNC and large corporate segments, it is the SME that has come as the boon for the dwindling revenues of banks. SMEs have been the ideal examples for the usual risk philosophy of ‘higher the risk, higher the return’. SME segment today offers the highest interest rates and margins in terms of lending – sometimes as high as 600 to 800 basis points over LIBOR/DIBOR, not to mention the amount of charges and commission. The risks of such SMEs have been mastered by many banks to offer an excellent basket of spread-out lending while keeping an eye on high margins. These SMEs will be the lifeline of banks in the next six to 10 years, and I personally believe that among the corporate income of banks, SMEs will represent the largest amount of this income. They could represent 70-80% in four to five years from now. This is an educated guess on what may happen, based on what is happening today. †¢Economic overview: There has always been a strong correlation between crude oil prices and the state of the Middle Eastern economies. With oil receipts accounting for 90% of government revenues in several Gulf countries and public projects dominating the markets, economic growth is largely dependent on the local government’s expansionary policies. In view of the oil industry’s cyclical nature, governments have become cautious in planning their annual budgets. An IMF study revealed that the Middle East countries, which were the beneficiaries of windfall oil export revenues in 2000-01, are using these gains prudently so as to be well equipped to deal with any sudden fall in oil prices over next few years. In addition, the governments have recognised the importance of economic diversification, and are now encouraging economic activity in sectors other than oil. Much of this effort has gone into developing manufacturing, trading, and tourism. Figure 1: Regional Macroeconomic Data and Forecasts †¢Financial Environment: The Gulf countries offer some of the most liberal financial environments, with fully convertible currencies, stable exchange rates, minimal exchange controls, and nil-to-low tax regimes. The relative political stability and increased economic cooperation between regional countries are some of the positive developments that attract big players to look at the Middle East as a viable investment alternative. Many of the Middle East countries that carefully protected themselves against the threat of foreign investors for so long are now inviting foreign capital to diversify their economies. Even the highly conservative states, such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, are gradually extending investment and ownership rights to foreign nationals. Free-trade zones, which were pioneered by the UAE and are now a common feature of all Gulf countries, have been instrumental in providing sole ownership and control to foreign investors. Apart from simplified registration and licensing procedures, free-trade zones offer tax holidays and world-class infrastructure facilities; thus, they are attracting new investors. †¢Banking System: The banking activities in the Middle East are largely domestic. The financial sector is engaged in a whole range of activities, from traditional public sector-dominated banking to state-of-the-art project finance and investment banking. Some banks are starting to obtain ratings from international agencies to pave the way for a more regional role. The governments have also been attempting to strengthen the banking sector by recapitalizing the domestic banks and ensuring that international capital requirements are met. There is a move towards encouraging smaller banks to merge and to develop domestic capital markets. Overall, there are many ongoing reforms designed to develop a sound banking system. The banking system in the Middle East is relatively flexible, and allows the opening and operation of a wide variety of accounts. However, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia do place some restrictions. Details of possible account structures are given in Figure 2 below. †¢Clearing System: All the countries in the Middle East, except for Saudi Arabia and the UAE, have a manual clearing system. Saudi Arabia has a real-time settlement system called the Saudi Riyal Interbank Express (SARIE). The SARIE is capable of interfacing with the electronic banking platforms of clearing participants for the online settlement of transactions. In the UAE, the Central Bank has recently introduced a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system to facilitate interbank payments. Some other regional countries are also considering introducing such systems. The settlement days for manual clearing depend on the local practices and the level of sophistication in each country. The average time to clear a local currency cheque ranges from one to three working days in major cities. Outstation cheques take anywhere from between five and 10 working days for realization. Foreign currency cheques take between five and 15 working days to clear. The lack of automated clearing and settlement systems has hampered the automation of payment services, such as high-volume and low-value payments. Banks have worked around this by accepting payment instructions electronically, and then effecting payment through cheque printing or bank-to-bank transfers. †¢Liquidity Management Products: The availability of several account types is further augmented by a liberal regulatory framework that supports the setting up of domestic and cross-border concentration and pooling structures. In Saudi Arabia, there are no explicit laws on various aspects of liquidity management set-ups. Egypt allows pooling and cash concentration between resident and non-resident accounts, and also between two different legal entities. Bahrain and the UAE also permit pooling and cash concentration among different legal entities. However, it is advisable to seek legal opinion before establishing a liquidity management structure. †¢Cash Management Overview: As the regional markets grow in sophistication, there is a corresponding need for corporate to improve their operational efficiency and cost competitiveness. Over the last year, several banks have introduced electronic banking services – both Internet and non-Internet based – to provide services ranging from simple account information to transaction automation. Despite the presence of the underlying framework, locally owned corporate have been slow to subscribe to electronic banking mainly due to fears of loss of control. Even multinational corporations (MNCs) have been unable to implement an efficient and integrated cash management system due to low volumes and a lack a full array of cash management products and services with the banks. Figure 2: Cash Management for the Middle Eas †¢Current Practice by Corporate, and Trends in Cash Management: The concept of cash management is fast catching on in the region. With an increasing number of companies looking beyond their domestic frontiers to sustain growth, there is a need to optimize costs and manage risk. While MNCs have the concept filtered down from their group offices, large professionally-managed domestic companies with a well-diversified portfolio are increasingly looking at cash management as an important risk management tool. In the Middle East, companies are looking at online banking information and the automation of transaction processing by the use of an integrated banking platform, preferably interfaced with their back office system. This trend is growing as companies adopt enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Cash management requirements among corporate vary depending on the size and nature of operations. MNCs and large corporate look for more comprehensive cash management tools involving non-resident accounts, interest-bearing deposit accounts, cross-border cash concentration, and notional pooling. Also, those corporate with clearly defined collection and payment processes perceive accounts payable as a non-core business activity and look to outsource these services to banks. Meanwhile, the huge middle-market corporate, which are not really geared towards full automation, are limited to piecemeal use of electronic banking services. Banks offer varied cash management services and product ranges. In general, the international banks, which have a better regional network and offer more sophisticated electronic banking platforms and domestic and cross-border liquidity mechanisms compared to domestic banks, are clearly the leaders in cash management business. Domestic banks score better on in-country branch networks †¢What Does the Future Hold For Cash Management in the Middle East? Direct debits: Wherein based on a standing debit authority, utility and other bills will be directly raised by utility companies to banks who will debit the customer account and pay. †¢Bulk upload of salaries to debit cards and withdrawals through ATMs specially located in customer premises. †¢Complete debtor/invoice payments follow up on behalf of customers to ensure that invoices are collected in time. †¢Complete and automatic link up of all payments for purchases/supplies, wherein banks will automatically pay for the purchases made by customers, based on invoice details uploaded automatically. Secured payment gateways between the top 100 to 200 companies in the world, wherein a global clearing player (could be a top class global bank) will act as a central clearing bank for such companies and any funds or payments for them will be routed through the clearing bank globally. †¢Conclusion: The economic stability and the world class infrastructure offered by the Middle East makes it an attractive destination for setting up of shared service centers (SSCs). Locations such as Bahrain and Dubai have already emerged as preferred centers for setting up of regional hubs covering the Middle East and some African countries. Banks in the region are waking up to the tremendous potential of e-banking, and are investing heavily in technology. The next few years present exciting times for the business and service providers, as the new and existing players gear up to meet the challenges being offered by the New Economy On corporate cash management in the GCC, V. P. Nagarajan, executive director at Emirates Trading Agency – Ascon Group says: â€Å"Corporate cash management is an important tool of corporate finance today and, as days pass by, cash management will be the centre point around which the functions of finance will revolve. If we have a financial crystal ball and look into the future, we can visualize a corporate cash manager juggling his financial resources across the world in a computer the size of his palm. At the press of a button, he will be traveling over the notional financial super highway (which should take about a few seconds to reach the other parts of the globe and the universe) for a virtual reality decision across. Some of the easier decisions in those days will be there will no physical currencies (saves a lot of printing and paper expenses), no multiple branches of banks (all of them will be operating from internet or computer driven global centers), and still there will be the cash management sales bankers who will come and try to sell what they do not have. † Hopefully corporate cash management will see a world of change as we move forward. †¢References: 1-http://www. gtnews. com/article/6920. fm Cash Management in the Middle East Rajeev Babel, HSBC Global Payments and Cash Management 2-http://www. gtnews. com/article/4172. cfmCash Management – The Middle East PerspectiveVenkatesan Thiagarajan, Barclays 3- Essentials of treasury management second edition (association for financial professional) . 4- De Gidlow, R. , Donovan, S. (2005), Cash Management Techniques. In: The Treasurer’s Handbook 2005, Act, London 5- Heezius, D. , Polak, P. (2006), Country Guide: The Czec h Republic. In: The Treasurer’s Handbook 2006, Act, London. How to cite Cash Pooling, Papers

Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example

Psych Chapter 7 Paper For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice. To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of elaborative rehearsal. The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema. Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities? young adults According to the authors, our memory is most like melting wax False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as plausible. Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term. distributed practice The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. With regard to the idea of patients memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists re sharply divided about whether such memories are real or false memories. As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting immediately after learning new words. An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is unfalsifiable. An important source of false memories comes from source monitoring confusion. Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we practice them on a regular basis. The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of distributed practice. What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse? Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of decay The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of rehearsal. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specifity memory retention of information over time suggestive memory techniques procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place memory illusion false but subjectively compelling memory span how much information a memory system can retain duration length of time for which a memory system can retain information sensory memory brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory iconic memory visual sensory memory echoic memory auditory sensory memory short-term memory memory system that retains information for limited durations decay fading of information from memory interference loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information retroactive inhibition interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information proactive inhibition interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of new information magic number the span of short-term memory, according to george miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information chunking organizing information into meaningful groupings, allows us to extend the span of short-term memory rehearsal repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory maintenance rehearsal repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory elaborative rehearsal linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory levels of processing depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it long term memory sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills permastore type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent primary effect tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well recency effect tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well von restorff effect tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli serial position curve graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on peoples ability to recall items on a list. semantic memory our knowledge of facts about the world episodic memory recollection of events in our lives explicit memory memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness implicit memory memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect o consciously procedural memory memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits priming our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after weve encountered similar stimuli Three stages of memory; 1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval encoding process of getting information into our memory banks mnemonic a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall storage process of keeping information in memory schema organized knowledge structure or mental model that weve stored in memory retrieval reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores retrieval cues hints that make it easier for us to recall information recall generating previously remembered information recognition selecting previously remembered information from an array of options relearning reacquiring knowledge that wed previously learned but largely forgotten over time. distributed vs. massed practice studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) tip of the tongue phenomenon experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it encoding specificity phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it context-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context state-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding long term potentiation gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation amygdala emotional component of memories hippocampus factual component of memories retrograde amnesia loss of memories from our past anterograde amnesia inability to encode new memories from our experiences meta memory knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations infantile amnesia inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age flashbulb memories emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed source monitoring ability to identify the origins of a memory cryptomnesia failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else misinformation effect creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place seven sins of memory suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transcience, persistence, blocking, and absentmindedness The most sensitive measure of memory is relearning. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts. The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing. semantic Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witnesss report of the cars bumping and answering a police officers questions about the rate of speed when the cars contacted, he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of he misinformation effect. Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a live line-up, most witnesses will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal. During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyones name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of the person immediately before you. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the bands name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of he tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of chunking In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of proactive inhibition An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing ones memory. recall Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory nvolves no deliberate attention or effort. A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because we only have to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer. Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as the method of loci. The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named Sam Stone. For several weeks Sam was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the childrens memory? Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book. A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives. Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to recall stereotypic-consistent, not inconsistent, information when questioned later. When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits. 5 According to the authors, most of the events we experience are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory. Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims? Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santas lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories. plausible events As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as meta memory Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the recency effect When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred. interference Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate source monitoring Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of the paradox of memory ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present? Hideki would be most correct if he answered memory Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates the reconstructive nature of memory Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because the memory was of an impossible event chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they ssist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations. The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the Seven Sins of Memory? suggestibility Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain. acetylcholine Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Research on flashbulb memories indicates they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of memory illusion Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that persons actions and thoughts. This is an example of priming. In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter. when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specificity. If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to look for other examples of stereotypic-inconsistent information in their social world. During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? Formal operational Which of the following is an example of imprinting? Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a theory of mind Ones accumulated knowledge gained over time is called crystallized intelligence Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time? longitudinal Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching authoritarian During menarche teenagers experience menstruation Piaget overestimated the degree to which object permanence develops in children. According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. cognitive Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Marks behavior represents an inability to conserve Children involved in Strange Situation research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks reliability Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious catergory as compared to U.S. infants. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from scaffolding Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis According to Piaget, egocentrism involves the perception that others view the world as you do. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves behavior motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sues feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of despair. esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? case study research designs Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Eriksons identity versus role confusion crisis. According to Erikson, which is true? Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved. Piagets theory applies to such topics as creating lesson plans for first grade students. Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. authoritarian During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. sensorimotor Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karlas reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. conventional The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects pronurture perspective The rooting reflex refers to a newborns tendency to open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. concrete operational Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing hot flashes Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. strict; quick According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of assimilation and accommodation The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. embryonic Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piagets ________ stage. concrete operational During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? formal operational Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers. The bodys reproductive organs are called primary sex organs Puberty is associated with the onset of menarche People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age 60-69 As compared to Piagets theory, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to cross a street safely for the first time. Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnnys decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. postconventional Which of the following is true regarding Piagets and Eriksons theories? Children in Piagets preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development. Brendas parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. identity vs. confusion Harlowes study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? Case study research designs Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piagets stages to answer thoroughly? formal operational According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Josephs reasoning reflects postconventional reasoning. Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Markos revised views on red go-carts illustrates accomodation Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? Erikson Empty nest researchers have found that most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. Which is true concerning research related to the Mozart Effect? Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be parents Sir Francis Galton (1884) intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity Clark Wissler (1901) various senses are uncorrelated with one another and with school performance Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904) first intelligence test Americans tend to view intelligence as: the capacity to reason well and learn quickly (to think on ones feet) Charles Spearman (1927) these correlations suggest a single common factor across all aspects of mental ability: Raymond Cattell (1971) distinguished two types of intelligence Fluid Intelligence the capacity to learn new problems Crystallized Intelligence the accumulated knowledge of the world over time Howard Gardner (1983) alternatively suggests there are eight separate intelligences Robert Sternbergs (1983 model posits the existence of three types of intelligence: Analytical Intelligence ability to reason logically Practical Intelligence: ability to solve real-world problems, especially people problems Creative Intelligence: ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions Modern intelligence tests dont typically assess practical intelligence IQ = mental age à · chronological age x 100 deviation IQ expression of IQ relative to same aged peers (eliminated age effects with Sterns formula) Culture-Fair Tests attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak language differently than how the WAIS is written Ravens Progressive Matrices most widely used Standardized Tests such as the SAT, correlate highly (0.7 0.8) with IQ tests, but attempt to emphasize achievement Mental Retardation Onset prior to adulthood,IQ ≠¤ 70, impaired adaptive functions Mild Retardation makes up 85% of retardation cases, and most can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms mild retardation is caused by including fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome Divergent thinking: the capacity to generate many solutions to problems Convergent thinking: the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem Emotional Intelligence (EQ) he ability to understand our emotions and those of others Wisdom: the application of intelligence toward a common good prenatal prior to birth blastocyst ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that havent yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part embryo second to eighty week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form fetus period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change concrete operations 7-11 years old, egocentrism wanes gradually formal operational period age 11 to adulthood apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly elaboration embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable During Piagets concrete-operational stages, children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage formal operational Piagets account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because the formal-operational stage is portrayed as the final stage of intellectual development authoritarian parenting combines high control with little warmth authoritative parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children uninvolved parenting provides neither warmth nor control permissive combines low control with high warmth