Social Injustice In The Story Of An Hour - 1181 Words

The Impact of the Social Injustices in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Paulina Wright Davis, a women’s rights reformer in the nineteenth century, once said â€Å"we believe that a woman’s enforced inferiority in the marriage relation, not only wrongs her out of the best uses of her existence, but also cheats her master of the richest and noblest blessings of the nuptial union† (qtd. in Wayne, â€Å"Women Reformers†). This is what women, like Mrs. Mallard, dealt with during their lifetime. Much of what happened during this period of time paved the way for the freedoms women have today. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows the impacts that these injustices had on the women in the nineteenth century. Marriage significantly limited women’s freedom during the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦As quoted in the same article Lucy Stone said Marriage is to woman a state of slavery. It takes from her the right to her own property, and makes her submissive in all things to her husband (qtd. in Wayne, â€Å"Women Refor mers†). These were the hardships and restrictions that Mrs. Mallard dealt with while both she and her husband were alive. The freedoms of a single woman are much greater than that of a married one. When a woman is widowed, as Mrs. Mallard would have been, she becomes free from the restrictions put on her by marriage. She may handle legal work for herself because she will no longer be legally covered by her husband. Single and widowed women also have more opportunities to earn money because they are not just a housekeeper anymore; they have to take care of themselves and their families. (Wayne, â€Å"Single Women†). Not only are there more money earning opportunities, but there are also more educational opportunities available (Wayne â€Å"Single Women†). Since they are free from their wifely duties, they have the opportunity the further their education if they choose to do so. Other than her sister and her husband we don’t know much about Mrs. Mallardâ⠂¬â„¢s family. There is no evidence in the story of Mr. and Mrs. Mallard having any children. Mrs. Mallard is described in the story as â€Å"young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength† (Chopin 129). Since they were a young couple, it is possible theyShow MoreRelatedSocial Injustice in the Film In The Name of The Father Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Injustice in the Film In The Name of The Father A hot topic that always draws an interested ear to the conversation is ones views on social justice. The mere mention of the words draws people from far and wide and from all mixes of society. The main problem seems to come up when people really dont know what social justice issues face their society and the rest of the world. The question comes up of how much real knowledge of this subject do people invest in. It is quite surprisingRead MoreThe Injustice Of Dou E Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Injustice to Dou E is an ancient Chinese story turned into play by Guan Hanquing during the Yuan dynasty. The awful story of the play depends on a society story of a loyal girl in-law who lived in the East Sea range. The work is set among the ten biggest tragedies in China, and the dramatist (Guan Hanquing) is called as China s Shakespeare. The Injustice to Dou E is an exceptionally surely understood bit of work with its social qualities and a large gathering of people base. The conte nt itselfRead MoreSocial Injustice And The Holocaust989 Words   |  4 Pages Social Injustice Being threatened and killed due to one s belief is unjust and heartless. It shows somethings in a person. It shows that they are below human beings. It shows that they have no care for others besides those closest to them. 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With his whimsical comment, made from the safety of a secure social position, the Parson begins the events whichRead MoreThe Gap Ladder System Of Social Class1550 Words   |  7 PagesDo people in different social standings have different chances or opportunities to move up in social class? Many people, even though they do not realize it, discriminate and establish a prejudice or stereotype, and this affects how they perceive and treat other people. The American Dream has always been to â€Å"Work Hard, and Move Up† (Upper Bound). Are people of lower social standing still equally able to achieve their dreams simply through hard work? The difficulty with which an impoverished personRead MoreWorking Poor : The Work Poor Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Poor The Working Poor: Invisible in America is a story that takes personal stories and accounts of people lives to describe the injustices that people face every day. Poverty is damaging to both the economy and the people who face it. Many times social policies are created to assist the people who are working but still struggle to get basic needs like food, utilities, gas, and medical. Poverty is a perpetuating cycle that is intended to keep the poor oppressed and discriminated againstRead MoreOppression In The Yellow Wallpaper1422 Words   |  6 Pagesfor her. The short story shows how the woman slowly succumbs to insanity as she spends her days in her room locked away from society. The author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was known as a prominent feminist and social thinker during the late eighteenth century. In her most famous piece of literature, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Gilman sheds light on the social oppression women faced in their everyday lives. The story was told in first person to enable the reader to view the injustice that women had to

Cash Pooling Free Essays

string(324) " is a selection of solutions in the marketplace, most of these operate on an interest enhancement basis where corporations are rewarded for servicing their liquidity through their chosen bank, but the bank is unable to achieve a balance sheet offset due to the complexity of multiple jurisdictional and regulatory barriers\." Name: Dina Mohanna Rbea’an Subject: Cash Pooling Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Abu Mustafa University: NYIT? Cash Management: Cash pooling Abstract The role of the corporate cash manager has been continuously revised over the past few years, as a result of the demand for more effective and efficient ways to support the core needs of the organization. This has resulted in new responsibilities for the corporate treasurer and cash manager. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash Pooling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cash management function is demanding more accurate and continuous information on its cash position to provide responsive forecasting data and handling, so that availability of liquidity at the right time and price can be ensured. So this paper studies the Cash Management concept and focus on the cash pooling and whether it’s applied in the Middle East. Introduction The objectives of cash management are straightforward – maximise liquidity and control cash flows and maximise the value of funds while minimising the cost of funds. The strategies for meeting such objectives include varying degrees of long-term planning requirements. Also, like everywhere in the world, much treasury activity in the organizations is concentrated on cash management. This includes financing the corporation, administration of debts (loans, bonds, commercial papers, etc. ), good relationships with the banks, payments to suppliers and collections from customers, control of foreign currency and interest positions according to the company’s needs for finance, and finally the reporting and technical support of all these functions. The use of cash pooling as a global standard for concentrating cash into the main bank account of the firm has very quickly found favour in corporations. Cash pooling enables corporate groups to minimize expenditure incurred in connection with banking facilities through economies of scale. Under a cash pooling arrangement, entities within a corporate group regularly transfer their surplus cash to a single bank account (the â€Å"master accountâ€Å") and, in return, may draw on the funds in that account to satisfy their own cash flow requirements from time to time. The master account is usually held by the parent company or by a â€Å"Treasury Company â€Å"established specifically for this purpose. Depending on the type of cash pooling arrangement, the participating entities may transfer either their entire cash surplus (â€Å"zero balancingâ€Å"), or cash exceeding a certain surplus level (â€Å"target balancingâ€Å"). In general, all entities participating in the cash pooling arrangement will be liable for any negative balance on the master account, irrespective of the amount they have contributed. Transfers and draw-downs of funds to and from the master account by the participating companies have the nature of the grant and repayment of intra-group loans. In addition to physical cash pooling there is also â€Å"notionalâ€Å"(also known as â€Å"virtualâ€Å") cash pooling. This does not involve the physical transfer of funds, but rather the set-off of balances of different companies within the group, so that the bank charges interest on the group‘s net cash balance. This optimizes the position of the group as regards interest payments, but does not achieve optimal allocation of liquid funds as between the group members. Notional cash pooling will not result in the creation of intra-group loans, since funds are not physically transferred. As such, many of the risks outlined in this brochure do not apply to a purely notional cash pooling arrangement. In practice however, a notional cash pooling arrangement will frequently involve the grant of cross-guarantees and security by the participants to the bank, in order to maximize the available overdraft facility. To this extent, many of the risks outlined in this article could be relevant, even if the cash pooling arrangement is predominantly notional in nature. The specific structure of individual cash pooling arrangements can vary. For example, transfers to the master account may be undertaken by each participating group member individually or may instead be undertaken automatically by the bank on the basis of a power of attorney given by the relevant group company. In addition to the facility agreement with the respective bank, each participating group company will usually enter into â€Å"cash pooling agreementâ€Å". These agreements must be carefully structured in order to minimize the risks of civil or criminal liability of the participating group companies and their officers. Tax issues must also be carefully considered when structuring cash pooling agreements. Types of cash pooling Banks generally offer the following types of cash pooling: ?zero-balancing cash pooling, ?notional cash pooling, ?multicurrency cash pooling, ?Cross-border cash pooling. ?Zero -balancing cash pooling : Real cash pooling is based on a transfer from bank accounts to a master account, with balances on all bank accounts except the master account being zero at the end of the working day. It means this money physically ‘moves’ from the junior accounts to the master account. Real cash pooling requires companies to keep careful records of cash transfers, interest received and paid, and records of investments. Structure of a â€Å"Zero-Balancing-Pool† ?National pooling: Requires a company’s subsidiaries to use branches of the same bank, usually in the same country; although with the adoption of the euro, single-currency cross-border pooling has become rather common in Europe. All the excess and deficit balances in the company’s subsidiary accounts are summed each day to calculate the net interest earned or due. Funds are not actually transferred; rather, they are simply totalled for the purpose of calculating interest. Banks usually require credit facilities to support any deficit balances in the pool. National pooling generally requires extensive cross-guarantees among subsidiaries which many companies find very difficult to implement. Some countries disallow national pooling . among them are the United States, Germany, Mexico, Japan and Brazil. In countries where national pooling is not allowed, the zero balance pooling method must be used. Structure of â€Å" National pooling† ?Multicurrency cash pooling: Bank account balances in different foreign currencies are swapped to one agreed currency, which is the base for the interest rate calculations. ?Cross-border cash pooling Cross-border cash pooling helps corporations avoid the bureaucracy intrinsic to transferring cash across countries and different clearing systems, as well as different legal entities and the headache associated with the additional inter-company loan administration. While there is a selection of solutions in the marketplace, most of these operate on an interest enhancement basis where corporations are rewarded for servicing their liquidity through their chosen bank, but the bank is unable to achieve a balance sheet offset due to the complexity of multiple jurisdictional and regulatory barriers. You read "Cash Pooling" in category "Papers" Czech banks now offer cross-border pooling, both notional and real, for accounts in the domestic Czech koruna, euro, US dollar, Central European currencies (such as in the Slovak koruna, Hungarian forint and Polish zloty) and pound. These principles are used both in the Czech Republic and in the rest of Europe, and are therefore similar; any differences are the result of the legal requirements of each country. As mentioned above, the Czech Commercial Code does not recognise anything like ‘concern’ or a product like cash pooling. It is necessary to fulfil several conditions to prevent problems concerning taxation and reporting to minority shareholders. It is practically impossible to implement a cash pooling agreement between companies without a majority share. It is normal practice that a cash pooling system has to be agreed by a general meeting of the company and there is a strict requirement for signed control agreements. Sometimes, it is necessary to change the company articles of incorporation. †¢Reasons of Cash pooling : Reduction of financing costs on group level, -Improvement of investment-deposits by using economies of scale, -Simplification of liquidity-management on domestic level, -Reduction of expenses for financial intermediaries through centralization, -Improvement of planning cash flows through coordination of financial cycles, -Optimization of your financial image by decreasing external financing and better use of internal financial potentials, -Break-Even at about EUR 200’000 per manent liabilities on the accounts. Cash management in the Middle East: As in the rest of the world, cash management in the Middle East is benefiting from automation. How is this affecting different sizes of corporate, and what does the future hold in this area? The Middle East region, which includes countries like UAE, Oman and Qatar, has kept pace with the growth in such business ambitions and cash management is also not to be left out of this race to riches, as businesses continually explore opportunities to make more money, more profits and reduce costs. The excellent growth climate in countries like UAE, fuelled by ambitions and visions of the rulers and the business community, has resulted in opportunities, growth of infrastructure, access to international and other funds through opening up and freehold real estates, trading environments, the presence of more ‘free zones’, creating a healthy and open competition for the survival and growth of the fittest, etc Multi-national corporate Middle East, especially the UAE, has recently seen an influx of many multi-national companies (MNCs) setting up their regional offices, treasury offices, marketing offices, etc. n UAE and managing the global operations. To attract such MNCs into the region, financial and general free zones plus offshore financial centers have sprung up everywhere with the intentions of inviting the best of MNCs to come and have their shops opened in these countries. The absence of tax regimes has added to the attraction in these markets. These companies ty pically need 24 hour Internet access, sweeping and pooling of funds and balances across banks and branches, competitive FX and deposit rates, competitive temporary overnight overdraft interest rates and credit interest on overnight floats. The ideal location of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in the global map, the growth of communication, infrastructure, Internet, etc. have led to the explosive growth of such companies in the region Local corporate GCC is predominantly dominated by a number of local corporate or companies or family owned businesses, which are typically owned by large local/national families of businessmen. Most of these families have very successful and historic track records and have been associates/local representatives/agents for most of multinational brands from all over the world. The local regulations for a sponsor from a national has been a great aid in ensuring that the multinationals tie up with these local corporate for mutual success of business lines. While the MNC does the production, transport, marketing support, service association, etc. , the Local Corporate typically takes the local marketing and sales realization risk, like any MNC agency. This combination of MNCs and local corporate has worked very well historically in the GCC with the result that there is a successful association of MNC brands and families in the GCC. In many of these countries, the lack of restrictions such as taxes, financial regulations to publish books of accounts and audit, etc. have made the operations of such corporate mostly family driven. Recently, and especially in the last four to five years, GCC business families have started expanding into other countries in the region and also into countries in East and North Africa and other parts of the world, where investments in assets and business yields good and long-term returns for the business houses. In other words, the local corporate have been the opposite of the MNCs coming and operating into the GCC, and typically such local corporate are slowly growing and reaching the sizes of MNCs, albeit the growth into other competitive countries like Singapore, UK, other parts of Europe and the US have been very limited or generally non-existent. Mid-sized trading companies GCC has been historically characterized by a host of mid-sized trading companies, thanks to the general economic growth, healthy competition, absence of taxes and rules regime and a general absence of governmental red tape. Today, people of most GCC nationalities could come and start a business in any of the Free Zones in their own name, or if they choose to partner a national, they can start the business anywhere in these countries, with very limited capital and resources. The laws and business conditions have been very conducive for the mushrooming growth of such mid-sized companies, which have thrived, in the general economic upswing in the Middle East. While it is extremely difficult to list out the number of these companies, it is generally felt among banking community that the number of mid-sized corporate or companies (along with the small and medium enterprises (SMEs)) might currently be in the region of 15,000 numbers in UAE alone. This brings an exciting opportunity for smart entrepreneurs who thrive on such opportunities as also for smart bankers who have built a portfolio of such assets and relationships. On the cash management front, such small companies do not have many demands except that they require immediate and urgent funds clearance, remittances for payments, overnight float interest, good interest rates for deposits, etc. Many of them are also computer or Internet savvy and would be happy to use such online services to transact with their banks. Small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs have been the sleeping giants in the GCC business world, but they have now woken up to be a mid-sized monster. While banks are repeatedly facing the ever-decreasing margins (be it in interest rates, commissions, charges or any form of income to the bank) in the MNC and large corporate segments, it is the SME that has come as the boon for the dwindling revenues of banks. SMEs have been the ideal examples for the usual risk philosophy of ‘higher the risk, higher the return’. SME segment today offers the highest interest rates and margins in terms of lending – sometimes as high as 600 to 800 basis points over LIBOR/DIBOR, not to mention the amount of charges and commission. The risks of such SMEs have been mastered by many banks to offer an excellent basket of spread-out lending while keeping an eye on high margins. These SMEs will be the lifeline of banks in the next six to 10 years, and I personally believe that among the corporate income of banks, SMEs will represent the largest amount of this income. They could represent 70-80% in four to five years from now. This is an educated guess on what may happen, based on what is happening today. †¢Economic overview: There has always been a strong correlation between crude oil prices and the state of the Middle Eastern economies. With oil receipts accounting for 90% of government revenues in several Gulf countries and public projects dominating the markets, economic growth is largely dependent on the local government’s expansionary policies. In view of the oil industry’s cyclical nature, governments have become cautious in planning their annual budgets. An IMF study revealed that the Middle East countries, which were the beneficiaries of windfall oil export revenues in 2000-01, are using these gains prudently so as to be well equipped to deal with any sudden fall in oil prices over next few years. In addition, the governments have recognised the importance of economic diversification, and are now encouraging economic activity in sectors other than oil. Much of this effort has gone into developing manufacturing, trading, and tourism. Figure 1: Regional Macroeconomic Data and Forecasts †¢Financial Environment: The Gulf countries offer some of the most liberal financial environments, with fully convertible currencies, stable exchange rates, minimal exchange controls, and nil-to-low tax regimes. The relative political stability and increased economic cooperation between regional countries are some of the positive developments that attract big players to look at the Middle East as a viable investment alternative. Many of the Middle East countries that carefully protected themselves against the threat of foreign investors for so long are now inviting foreign capital to diversify their economies. Even the highly conservative states, such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, are gradually extending investment and ownership rights to foreign nationals. Free-trade zones, which were pioneered by the UAE and are now a common feature of all Gulf countries, have been instrumental in providing sole ownership and control to foreign investors. Apart from simplified registration and licensing procedures, free-trade zones offer tax holidays and world-class infrastructure facilities; thus, they are attracting new investors. †¢Banking System: The banking activities in the Middle East are largely domestic. The financial sector is engaged in a whole range of activities, from traditional public sector-dominated banking to state-of-the-art project finance and investment banking. Some banks are starting to obtain ratings from international agencies to pave the way for a more regional role. The governments have also been attempting to strengthen the banking sector by recapitalizing the domestic banks and ensuring that international capital requirements are met. There is a move towards encouraging smaller banks to merge and to develop domestic capital markets. Overall, there are many ongoing reforms designed to develop a sound banking system. The banking system in the Middle East is relatively flexible, and allows the opening and operation of a wide variety of accounts. However, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia do place some restrictions. Details of possible account structures are given in Figure 2 below. †¢Clearing System: All the countries in the Middle East, except for Saudi Arabia and the UAE, have a manual clearing system. Saudi Arabia has a real-time settlement system called the Saudi Riyal Interbank Express (SARIE). The SARIE is capable of interfacing with the electronic banking platforms of clearing participants for the online settlement of transactions. In the UAE, the Central Bank has recently introduced a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system to facilitate interbank payments. Some other regional countries are also considering introducing such systems. The settlement days for manual clearing depend on the local practices and the level of sophistication in each country. The average time to clear a local currency cheque ranges from one to three working days in major cities. Outstation cheques take anywhere from between five and 10 working days for realization. Foreign currency cheques take between five and 15 working days to clear. The lack of automated clearing and settlement systems has hampered the automation of payment services, such as high-volume and low-value payments. Banks have worked around this by accepting payment instructions electronically, and then effecting payment through cheque printing or bank-to-bank transfers. †¢Liquidity Management Products: The availability of several account types is further augmented by a liberal regulatory framework that supports the setting up of domestic and cross-border concentration and pooling structures. In Saudi Arabia, there are no explicit laws on various aspects of liquidity management set-ups. Egypt allows pooling and cash concentration between resident and non-resident accounts, and also between two different legal entities. Bahrain and the UAE also permit pooling and cash concentration among different legal entities. However, it is advisable to seek legal opinion before establishing a liquidity management structure. †¢Cash Management Overview: As the regional markets grow in sophistication, there is a corresponding need for corporate to improve their operational efficiency and cost competitiveness. Over the last year, several banks have introduced electronic banking services – both Internet and non-Internet based – to provide services ranging from simple account information to transaction automation. Despite the presence of the underlying framework, locally owned corporate have been slow to subscribe to electronic banking mainly due to fears of loss of control. Even multinational corporations (MNCs) have been unable to implement an efficient and integrated cash management system due to low volumes and a lack a full array of cash management products and services with the banks. Figure 2: Cash Management for the Middle Eas †¢Current Practice by Corporate, and Trends in Cash Management: The concept of cash management is fast catching on in the region. With an increasing number of companies looking beyond their domestic frontiers to sustain growth, there is a need to optimize costs and manage risk. While MNCs have the concept filtered down from their group offices, large professionally-managed domestic companies with a well-diversified portfolio are increasingly looking at cash management as an important risk management tool. In the Middle East, companies are looking at online banking information and the automation of transaction processing by the use of an integrated banking platform, preferably interfaced with their back office system. This trend is growing as companies adopt enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Cash management requirements among corporate vary depending on the size and nature of operations. MNCs and large corporate look for more comprehensive cash management tools involving non-resident accounts, interest-bearing deposit accounts, cross-border cash concentration, and notional pooling. Also, those corporate with clearly defined collection and payment processes perceive accounts payable as a non-core business activity and look to outsource these services to banks. Meanwhile, the huge middle-market corporate, which are not really geared towards full automation, are limited to piecemeal use of electronic banking services. Banks offer varied cash management services and product ranges. In general, the international banks, which have a better regional network and offer more sophisticated electronic banking platforms and domestic and cross-border liquidity mechanisms compared to domestic banks, are clearly the leaders in cash management business. Domestic banks score better on in-country branch networks †¢What Does the Future Hold For Cash Management in the Middle East? Direct debits: Wherein based on a standing debit authority, utility and other bills will be directly raised by utility companies to banks who will debit the customer account and pay. †¢Bulk upload of salaries to debit cards and withdrawals through ATMs specially located in customer premises. †¢Complete debtor/invoice payments follow up on behalf of customers to ensure that invoices are collected in time. †¢Complete and automatic link up of all payments for purchases/supplies, wherein banks will automatically pay for the purchases made by customers, based on invoice details uploaded automatically. Secured payment gateways between the top 100 to 200 companies in the world, wherein a global clearing player (could be a top class global bank) will act as a central clearing bank for such companies and any funds or payments for them will be routed through the clearing bank globally. †¢Conclusion: The economic stability and the world class infrastructure offered by the Middle East makes it an attractive destination for setting up of shared service centers (SSCs). Locations such as Bahrain and Dubai have already emerged as preferred centers for setting up of regional hubs covering the Middle East and some African countries. Banks in the region are waking up to the tremendous potential of e-banking, and are investing heavily in technology. The next few years present exciting times for the business and service providers, as the new and existing players gear up to meet the challenges being offered by the New Economy On corporate cash management in the GCC, V. P. Nagarajan, executive director at Emirates Trading Agency – Ascon Group says: â€Å"Corporate cash management is an important tool of corporate finance today and, as days pass by, cash management will be the centre point around which the functions of finance will revolve. If we have a financial crystal ball and look into the future, we can visualize a corporate cash manager juggling his financial resources across the world in a computer the size of his palm. At the press of a button, he will be traveling over the notional financial super highway (which should take about a few seconds to reach the other parts of the globe and the universe) for a virtual reality decision across. Some of the easier decisions in those days will be there will no physical currencies (saves a lot of printing and paper expenses), no multiple branches of banks (all of them will be operating from internet or computer driven global centers), and still there will be the cash management sales bankers who will come and try to sell what they do not have. † Hopefully corporate cash management will see a world of change as we move forward. †¢References: 1-http://www. gtnews. com/article/6920. fm Cash Management in the Middle East Rajeev Babel, HSBC Global Payments and Cash Management 2-http://www. gtnews. com/article/4172. cfmCash Management – The Middle East PerspectiveVenkatesan Thiagarajan, Barclays 3- Essentials of treasury management second edition (association for financial professional) . 4- De Gidlow, R. , Donovan, S. (2005), Cash Management Techniques. In: The Treasurer’s Handbook 2005, Act, London 5- Heezius, D. , Polak, P. (2006), Country Guide: The Czec h Republic. In: The Treasurer’s Handbook 2006, Act, London. How to cite Cash Pooling, Papers

Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example

Psych Chapter 7 Paper For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice. To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of elaborative rehearsal. The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema. Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities? young adults According to the authors, our memory is most like melting wax False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as plausible. Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term. distributed practice The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. With regard to the idea of patients memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists re sharply divided about whether such memories are real or false memories. As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting immediately after learning new words. An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is unfalsifiable. An important source of false memories comes from source monitoring confusion. Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we practice them on a regular basis. The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of distributed practice. What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse? Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of decay The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of rehearsal. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specifity memory retention of information over time suggestive memory techniques procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place memory illusion false but subjectively compelling memory span how much information a memory system can retain duration length of time for which a memory system can retain information sensory memory brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory iconic memory visual sensory memory echoic memory auditory sensory memory short-term memory memory system that retains information for limited durations decay fading of information from memory interference loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information retroactive inhibition interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information proactive inhibition interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of new information magic number the span of short-term memory, according to george miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information chunking organizing information into meaningful groupings, allows us to extend the span of short-term memory rehearsal repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory maintenance rehearsal repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory elaborative rehearsal linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory levels of processing depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it long term memory sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills permastore type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent primary effect tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well recency effect tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well von restorff effect tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli serial position curve graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on peoples ability to recall items on a list. semantic memory our knowledge of facts about the world episodic memory recollection of events in our lives explicit memory memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness implicit memory memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect o consciously procedural memory memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits priming our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after weve encountered similar stimuli Three stages of memory; 1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval encoding process of getting information into our memory banks mnemonic a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall storage process of keeping information in memory schema organized knowledge structure or mental model that weve stored in memory retrieval reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores retrieval cues hints that make it easier for us to recall information recall generating previously remembered information recognition selecting previously remembered information from an array of options relearning reacquiring knowledge that wed previously learned but largely forgotten over time. distributed vs. massed practice studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) tip of the tongue phenomenon experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it encoding specificity phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it context-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context state-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding long term potentiation gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation amygdala emotional component of memories hippocampus factual component of memories retrograde amnesia loss of memories from our past anterograde amnesia inability to encode new memories from our experiences meta memory knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations infantile amnesia inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age flashbulb memories emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed source monitoring ability to identify the origins of a memory cryptomnesia failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else misinformation effect creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place seven sins of memory suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transcience, persistence, blocking, and absentmindedness The most sensitive measure of memory is relearning. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts. The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing. semantic Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witnesss report of the cars bumping and answering a police officers questions about the rate of speed when the cars contacted, he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of he misinformation effect. Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a live line-up, most witnesses will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal. During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyones name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of the person immediately before you. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the bands name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of he tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of chunking In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of proactive inhibition An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing ones memory. recall Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory nvolves no deliberate attention or effort. A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because we only have to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer. Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as the method of loci. The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named Sam Stone. For several weeks Sam was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the childrens memory? Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book. A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives. Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to recall stereotypic-consistent, not inconsistent, information when questioned later. When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits. 5 According to the authors, most of the events we experience are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory. Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims? Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santas lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories. plausible events As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as meta memory Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the recency effect When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred. interference Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate source monitoring Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of the paradox of memory ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present? Hideki would be most correct if he answered memory Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates the reconstructive nature of memory Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because the memory was of an impossible event chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they ssist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations. The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the Seven Sins of Memory? suggestibility Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain. acetylcholine Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Research on flashbulb memories indicates they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of memory illusion Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that persons actions and thoughts. This is an example of priming. In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter. when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specificity. If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to look for other examples of stereotypic-inconsistent information in their social world. During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? Formal operational Which of the following is an example of imprinting? Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a theory of mind Ones accumulated knowledge gained over time is called crystallized intelligence Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time? longitudinal Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching authoritarian During menarche teenagers experience menstruation Piaget overestimated the degree to which object permanence develops in children. According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. cognitive Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Marks behavior represents an inability to conserve Children involved in Strange Situation research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks reliability Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious catergory as compared to U.S. infants. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from scaffolding Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis According to Piaget, egocentrism involves the perception that others view the world as you do. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves behavior motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sues feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of despair. esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? case study research designs Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Eriksons identity versus role confusion crisis. According to Erikson, which is true? Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved. Piagets theory applies to such topics as creating lesson plans for first grade students. Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. authoritarian During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. sensorimotor Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karlas reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. conventional The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects pronurture perspective The rooting reflex refers to a newborns tendency to open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. concrete operational Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing hot flashes Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. strict; quick According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of assimilation and accommodation The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. embryonic Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piagets ________ stage. concrete operational During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? formal operational Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers. The bodys reproductive organs are called primary sex organs Puberty is associated with the onset of menarche People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age 60-69 As compared to Piagets theory, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to cross a street safely for the first time. Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnnys decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. postconventional Which of the following is true regarding Piagets and Eriksons theories? Children in Piagets preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development. Brendas parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. identity vs. confusion Harlowes study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? Case study research designs Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piagets stages to answer thoroughly? formal operational According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Josephs reasoning reflects postconventional reasoning. Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Markos revised views on red go-carts illustrates accomodation Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? Erikson Empty nest researchers have found that most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. Which is true concerning research related to the Mozart Effect? Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be parents Sir Francis Galton (1884) intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity Clark Wissler (1901) various senses are uncorrelated with one another and with school performance Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904) first intelligence test Americans tend to view intelligence as: the capacity to reason well and learn quickly (to think on ones feet) Charles Spearman (1927) these correlations suggest a single common factor across all aspects of mental ability: Raymond Cattell (1971) distinguished two types of intelligence Fluid Intelligence the capacity to learn new problems Crystallized Intelligence the accumulated knowledge of the world over time Howard Gardner (1983) alternatively suggests there are eight separate intelligences Robert Sternbergs (1983 model posits the existence of three types of intelligence: Analytical Intelligence ability to reason logically Practical Intelligence: ability to solve real-world problems, especially people problems Creative Intelligence: ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions Modern intelligence tests dont typically assess practical intelligence IQ = mental age à · chronological age x 100 deviation IQ expression of IQ relative to same aged peers (eliminated age effects with Sterns formula) Culture-Fair Tests attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak language differently than how the WAIS is written Ravens Progressive Matrices most widely used Standardized Tests such as the SAT, correlate highly (0.7 0.8) with IQ tests, but attempt to emphasize achievement Mental Retardation Onset prior to adulthood,IQ ≠¤ 70, impaired adaptive functions Mild Retardation makes up 85% of retardation cases, and most can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms mild retardation is caused by including fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome Divergent thinking: the capacity to generate many solutions to problems Convergent thinking: the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem Emotional Intelligence (EQ) he ability to understand our emotions and those of others Wisdom: the application of intelligence toward a common good prenatal prior to birth blastocyst ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that havent yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part embryo second to eighty week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form fetus period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change concrete operations 7-11 years old, egocentrism wanes gradually formal operational period age 11 to adulthood apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly elaboration embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable During Piagets concrete-operational stages, children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage formal operational Piagets account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because the formal-operational stage is portrayed as the final stage of intellectual development authoritarian parenting combines high control with little warmth authoritative parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children uninvolved parenting provides neither warmth nor control permissive combines low control with high warmth

cinderella the musical Essay Example

cinderella the musical Essay Example cinderella the musical Essay cinderella the musical Essay cinderella the musical BY 10021991 Walt Disneys 1950 animated feature film Cinderella, which was based on the fairy tale Cendrillon by Charles Perrault and the Grimms Fairy Tales. Everyone knows the story, and the animated film is a beloved classic. The challenge then for Resorts World Manilas production of Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella is to measure up to such high standards. Just an aside: Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella is a 1957 musical written for television, starring no less than Julie Andrews. Its been remade for television twice, ith one version featuring Brandy Norwood, Whitney Houston, Bernadette Peters, and our very own Paolo Montalban. Its also been adapted for the stage numerous times. Most recently, Lea Salonga played the title role. Stepping into the glass slippers this time is Karylle Tatlonghari, with Christian Bautista playing Prince Charming (or rather, as his character is named, Prince Christopher). The chemistry between the romantic leads is crucial, and Karylle and Christian have it in spades. Having partnered up before in West Side Story, Rama Hart, and Kitchen Musical, its obvious they are naturally at ease with one another, hich helps them portray the breathless exhilaration of falling in love without appearing corny (perfect casting for a telenovela! ) And their stellar vocal chops allow them to hit the difficult high notes of the songs. Rodgers and Hammersteins songs are very pleasant and hummable, with organic lyrics that are essential to narrating the story. Standout songs include In My Own Little Corner, Impossible/lts Possible, and the haunting Do I Love You Because Youre Beautiful? Playing Cinderellas stepmother, Sweet Plantado chews the scenery (but in a good ay) and steals the show with every lip curl and cutting one-liner. The two bickering stepsisters (Gianina Ocampo and Maronne Cruz) display a flair for physical comedy and slapstick. The comic relief provided by the villains is a nice antidote to all the sweetness. Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo, the glamorous fairy godmother, appears at a critical time and in grand fashion, landing from the sky. Cinderella wishes she could go to the Princes ball, along with all the young ladies in the land. Applying reverse psychology, the fairy godmother gently chides her for fixating on wishes and dreams and ncourages her to be responsible for her own destiny. Cinderella starts to form a plan. What if she hitched a ride along the next carriage, or fixed the dress that her stepmother had callously ripped? But before she can fgure out a plan, the fairy message of female empowerment is not pushed far enough, unlike in, say, Ever After. One wonders how the story would turn out if Cinderella had taken control of the situation. But then we would have missed the magic. With the aid of smoke and fog, a bit of pyrotechnics, and a super-quick costume change, the mice are transformed into orsemen, a white carriage arrives (but alas, no pumpkin! ) and Cinderella gets a makeover, changing from peasant to princess. These transformations were much appreciated by the audience, who clapped with every dramatic presto change-o. Aside from the performances, the shows winning formula is the fantastic stage design by Andrew Botha. How do you measure up to Walt Disneys Cinderella? With the clever use of animation, of course, the stage scenery includes a massive video wall that shows flat and 3D animated illustrations of the different locations, from the town, to Cinderellas house, to the palace. This presents endless possibilities for setting and scene changes. The quaint illustrations, similar to that of a storybook, are jazzed up with layers, motion, and precise transitions, creating an immersive world. There are also video screens flanking the stage, providing a live feed of the action onstage, as well as close-ups. The more traditional set design includes a grand staircase and an enormous fireplace. The songs, performance, and multi-media stage design all come together to bring the fairy tale to life. It may not achieve the perfection of the Walt Disney animated film, but it holds its own.

30 Unprofessional Things You Should Never Say at Work

30 Unprofessional Things You Should Never Say at Work Being â€Å"professional† can feel a bit new at first. It takes some getting used to. Just like any other social arena, the working world has its own special set of rules. One of the cardinal ones is to speak and conduct oneself like a grown up. Here are 30 words and phrases you should never say at work. 1. I could list all the words here that you shouldn’t use, but that list would be too long. Bottom line: if it’s a curse word, keep it for home use.2. â€Å"We’ve always done it like†¦Ã¢â‚¬ If someone asks you to do something you aren’t accustomed to, or to do it in a different way, this is the last thing you should say. Save the constructive feedback for the review.3. â€Å"I’m not afraid to †¦.†A healthy degree of fear is not a bad thing. In fact, it’s best to have some fear and master it than to have had none at all.4. â€Å"Yes† (when you don’t mean it)It’s always better to say no than to dis miss someone with a ‘yes’ and then disrespect them by not delivering.5. â€Å"It’s important.†Convey the importance of a task or strategy in other ways. If you have to be obvious, you’ve already lost.6. â€Å"Are you upset?†This is almost as bad as â€Å"are you mad at me?† If you have to ask; you probably already know the answer.7. â€Å"Like†You’re not in middle school anymore. People will judge you for using â€Å"like† as sentence filler.8. â€Å"Literally†Same deal. Adverbs are best avoided anyway. And besides, this one is seriously overused.9. â€Å"I thought you were doing that.†Conveys confusion, that you don’t know what’s happening with your team. Also conveys that you’ll shirk any responsibility you can.10. â€Å"That’s impossible.†Might as well admit to being a quitter. Don’t shut down and limit your coworkers (or yourself) from coming up with creat ive solutions.11. â€Å"You misunderstood.†Don’t put the blame immediately on the other person. Try to find a better way to explain your original intent or meaning that doesn’t shirk responsibility for communication.12. â€Å"Sorry I was late†Just don’t be late. Respect your time and others’ time. Period. If you were really sorry, you wouldn’t have been late.13. â€Å"Because I’m in charge†You’ll just be resented for being heavy-footed. Convince people to follow your lead by example and by earning their regard.14. â€Å"Sorry†If you did something worthy of an apology; just fix it. Sorry isn’t enough. And if you’re just apologizing willy-nilly for anything and everything- stop. It makes you look weak an under-confident.15. â€Å"I’m bored.†You’re not bored. You’re boring. Show a little initiative and find something to do.16. â€Å"I’m busy.†Even if youà ¢â‚¬â„¢re too swamped to listen or to help out, find a better way to communicate this without sounding so self-centered.17. â€Å"Well I†¦.†Don’t one-up people. They hate it. A conversation isn’t just an opportunity to tell everyone how much better your stories are than theirs. Try listening for once. You’ll get your turn to shine.18. â€Å"That wasn’t my fault.†Even if it wasn’t. You look like a sell-out. Concentrate on how to fix the problem, not whose fault it is.19. â€Å"I can’t do all of this by myself.†Sure you can! And if you can’t, be sure it’s for the right reasons- not just that you’re feeling lazy. Asking for help in the right circumstances is always okay.20. GossipThat’s something that you need to leave in school. Professionals focus on work and more constructive social interactions.21. â€Å"Details, details.†This comment is flip and makes you look lazy and inattentiv e. Details are crucial.22. â€Å"I was just doing what I was told.†This is just trying to blame your superiors instead of your co-workers and it will almost never end well.23. â€Å"I have a brilliant plan.†Plans are one thing; execution is another. Execute your plan, then call it brilliant.24. â€Å"I’ll do that later.†Sorry. True professionals don’t procrastinate. Clear your to-do list as early and as often as you can.25. â€Å"I know better.†Even if you do, there is no reason to condescend. You’ll look like a jerk and an unprofessional one at that.26. Speak at an appropriate volume and enunciate your words. If no one can understand you, you’ll never get anywhere.27. â€Å"Wow that chick/dude is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ This is an office, not a club. Keep your outside-work observations to yourself.28. â€Å"That’s not going to happen.†There are ways to refuse or give a ‘no’ without being a condescending blowh ard. And without getting people to root against you.29. â€Å"I quit† (or â€Å"I’m done†)Spare us the drama. Prove that you can keep it cool- even when actually quitting.30. Even if you’re shy, you must speak up now and then. Otherwise people will forget you exist or they’ll make up a story to fill in the blanks. You’re much better off being open and up front.30 Phrases Unprofessional People Can’t Stop Saying At Work

Personal Savings and Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Savings and Insurance - Essay Example at the very primitive reason behind an individual’s or a family’s savings is financial security which guarantees safety for the basic necessities for living. There is also a need of financial security for unexpected emergencies, illness or unemployment. This trend of saving for safety needs is very evident in families with income which is neither very large nor very small. Families with large income do not need to save for safety needs and families with small income do not have any extra sums to save for safety needs. Individuals with smaller families prefer to save money for improving their lifestyles and like to spend on luxury items like vacation trips, nicer car and purchasing property. This trend is observed in people having no children. These luxury items tend to change the lifestyle of the individuals as a whole and give a substantial return to the individuals for their savings according to their perspective. This tendency is present in all individuals but is mostly observed in family heads with larger incomes. Such individuals give priority to saving money for their relationships and consider saving for children’s education, gifts for relatives etc their responsibility. When the individuals have fulfilled all the basic and primitive needs of their life, they move forward towards the higher objectives and for the fulfillment of those higher objectives they require savings. This trend is observed in older people with comparatively larger incomes who want to spend their money in charity and some of them also want to set up businesses of their own. The tendency is to achieve the goals which they set up for themselves at earlier ages of their lives. 6. The improving economic conditions nationally and internationally and recovery from recession is encouraging people to spend more and save a smaller proportion of the income because the economy is doing very well and they can rely on their spending and previous investments for financials security. 8.

Online vs. traditional classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Online vs. traditional classes - Essay Example According to Parker, around 77% of the universities they surveyed were offering at least some form of online courses (Parker 1). Online classes have several benefits to offer as compared to traditional classes. These benefits include: increased accessibility, decrease in educational gap and ease of gaining education. Online education has increased the accessibility of education. When only traditional classroom style education was available a lot of individuals used to fail to get themselves enrolled in universities that they always wanted to. This was because these educational institutes had limited amount of seats available and because several individuals did not have the funding required to attend classes in these educational institutes. Online education does not require seats and does not require an individual to be physically available in a setting to gain education. Due to this people have started gaining online education in universities of their choice at a lower cost. Online education has even helped in decreasing the educational gap. The problem with traditional classroom education was that it was only accessible for those who belonged to families who can afford to get their children enrolled in the best universities by paying for their travelling costs and tuition fee. Due to this people living in developing nations and poorer regions of the world used to fail to gain education in the best universities around the world. This led to an increase in the gap between quality and quantity of education being obtained by rich and the poor. Online education is quite inexpensive and does not need huge amount of funds for travelling from one region to another and this enables the poor to attain education thus leading to a decrease in the gap of quality and quantity of education being obtained by rich and poor. Online education provides students with the ease of gaining education. Adults who work used to fail to gain education in physical classroom because